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Download Buku Kimia Farmasi Smk Buku Kelas X
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Kata pengantar...................................................................................i Alur fikir isi buku.................................................................................ii Daftar Isi ............................................................................................iii Bab 1. Ruang Lingkup Ilmu Kimia ........................................................... 1. Ilmu Kimia ............................................................................................. 1 2. Materi dan wujudnya ........................................................................... 1 3. Sifat Materi ........................................................................................... 3 4. Perubahan Materi ................................................................................. 4 5. Energi menyertai Perubahan Kimia ..................................................... 5 6. Klasifikasi Materi .................................................................................. 6 7. Peran Ilmu Kimia .................................................................................. 9 Rangkuman ........................................................................................ 11 Uji Kompetensi .................................................................................... 12 Bab 2. Unsur dan Senyawa .................................................................... 2.1. Unsur.............................................................................................. 14 2.1.1 Nama unsur ....................................................................... 15 2.1.2. Lambang unsur ................................................................. 15 2.1.3. Unsur di alam .................................................................... 16 2.1.4. Atom ................................................................................. 18 2.1.5. Ion ..................................................................................... 19 2.2. Senyawa ......................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Senyawa di alam ................................................................. 19 2.2.2. Molekul............................................................................... 22 2.2.3. Komposisi senyawa ............................................................ 23 2.2.4. Rumus Kimia ....................................................................... 24 2.3. Persamaan reaksi ......................................................................... 26 2.3.1. Penyetaraan reaksi ............................................................. 27 Rangkuman .................................................................................... 29 Uji Kompetensi .............................................................................. 31 Bab.3. Atom dan Molekul ...................................................................... 3.1. Atom ............................................................................................. 33 3.1.1. Atom dan lambang atom .................................................... 33 3.1.2. Perkembangan teori atom .................................................. 36 3.1.3. Konfigurasi Elektron ............................................................ 42 Rangkuman ....................................................................................... 46 Uji Kompetensi ................................................................................ 50 Bab 4 Tabel Periodik .............................................................................. 4.1. Tabel Periodik ............................................................................... 52 4.1.1. Sifat unsur merupakan fungsi masa atom .......................... 52 4.1.2. Tabel periodik panjang........................................................ 53 4.1.2.1 Jalur horizontal................................................................. 53 4.1.2.1 Jalur vertikal ..................................................................... 52 4.2. Hubungan table periodic dengan konfigurasi elektron ............... 56 4.2.1. Elektron valensi ................................ ................................ ... 56 4.2.2. Jari-jari atom ....................................................................... 56 4.2.3. Energi ionisasi ..................................................................... 57 4.2.4. Afinitas elektron ................................ ................................ .. 58 Rangkuman .......................................................................................... 59 UjiKompetensi ..................................................................................... 61 Bab 5 Ikatan Kimia ................................................................................ 5.1. Ikatan Kimia ..................................................................................... 62 5.1.1. Ikatan ion ............................................................................ 63 5.1.2. Ikatan Kovalen ..................................................................... 65 5.1.3. Hibridisasi dan bentuk molekul ........................................... 69 5.1.4. Interaksi atom ..................................................................... 71 5.1.4.1. Ikatan Logam ............................................................. 71 5.1.5. Gaya tarik menarik antar molekul ...................................... 74 5.1.6. Ikatan Hidrogen ................................................................... 75 Rangkuman .......................................................................................... 77 Uji Kompetensi .................................................................................... 80 Bab 6 Stoikiometri ................................................................................. 6.1. Tata nama senyawa sederhana ...................................................... 81 6.1.1. Penamaan senyawa biner ................................................... 81 6.1.2. Penamaan senyawa ion....................................................... 83 6.1.3. Penamaan senyawa terner ................................................. 84 6.2. Hukum Dasar Kimia ........................................................................ 85 6.2.1. Hukum kekekalan massa ..................................................... 85 6.2.2. Hukum perbandingan tetap ................................................ 86 6.2.3. Hukum perbandingan berganda ......................................... 87 6.2.4. Hukum perbandingan volume ............................................. 87 6.2.5. Penemtuan volume gas pereaksi dan hasil reaksi .............. 88 6.3. Atomic relative (Ar) dan Molecule relative (Mr) ............................ 90 6.4. Konsep mol ..................................................................................... 91 6.5. Hubungan persamaan reaksi dan mol zat ...................................... 92 6.6. Hitungan kimia ................................................................................ 92 6.7. Perhitungan komposisi zat ............................................................. 95 Rangkuman ..................................................................................... 97 Uji Komptensi ................................................................................. 99 Bab 7 Reaksi Kimia ................................................................................. 7.1. Reaksi kimia................................................................................. 101 7.2. Jenis reaksi kimia ......................................................................... 102 7.2.1. Reaksi pembentukan .................................................. 102 7.2.2. Reaksi penguraian ...................................................... 102 7.2.3. Reaksi pengendapan .................................................. 103 7.2.4. Reaksi pertukaran ....................................................... 103 7.2.5. Reaksi netralisasi ........................................................ 104 7.2.6. Reaksi pembakaran .................................................... 104 7.3. Reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi ......................................................... 104 7.4. Bilangan oksidasi ......................................................................... 105 7.5. Bilangan oksidasi pada senyawa ion ........................................... 106 7.6. Menyetarakan reaksi redoks....................................................... 107 7.6.1. Cara ion elektron ........................................................ 108 7.6.2. Cara bilangan oksidasi ................................................ 110 7.7. Sel elektrokimia ........................................................................... 113 7.7.1. Sel volta ................................ ................................ ...... 11 4 7.7.2. Sel Elektrolisa ............................................................. 115 7.8. Hukum Faraday ........................................................................... 117 7.9. Sel elektrokimia komersial .......................................................... 118 7.9.1. Sel volta komersial...................................................... 118 7.9.2. Sel elektrolisa dalam industri ..................................... 119 7.10. Korosi .......................................................................................... 120 Rangkuman ................................................................................... 122 Uji Kompetensi ............................................................................ 124 Bab 8 Larutan ....................................................................................... 8.1. Larutan ...................................................................................... 128 8.1.1. Larutan elektrolit dan elektrolit .......................................... 129 8.1.2. Derajat ionisasi .................................................................... 129 8.2. Konsentrasi Larutan ..................................................................... 131 8.2.1. Persen berat ........................................................................ 131 8.2.2. Persen volume .................................................................... 132 8.2.3. Fraksi mol ............................................................................ 132 8.2.4. Molalitas ............................................................................. 133 8.2.5. Molaritas ............................................................................. 133 8.2.6. Normalitas ........................................................................... 133 8.3. Pengenceran ................................................................................ 134 8.4. Sifat Larutan ................................................................................. 135 8.4.1. Asam dan basa .................................................................... 135 8.4.2. Pembentukan asam dan basa ............................................. 137 8.4.3. Derajat keasaman dan kebasaan ........................................ 139 8.4.4. Kesetimbangan air .............................................................. 141 8.5. Garam .......................................................................................... 142 8.5.1. Reaksi antara asam dengan basa ........................................ 143 8.5.2. Asam dengan oksida basa ................................................... 143 8.5.3. Basa dengan oksida asam ................................................... 143 8.5.4. Logam dengan asam ........................................................... 144 8.5.5. Reaksi metatesis ................................................................. 144 8.6. Hidrolisis Garam .......................................................................... 145 8.6.1. Garam yang berasal dari asam kuat basa kuat ................... 145 8.6.2. Garam yang berasal dari asam kuat basa lemah ................ 146 8.6.3. Garam yang berasal dari asam lemah basa kuat ................ 146 8.6.4. Garam yang berasal dari asam lemah basa lemah ............ 147 8.7. Larutan penyangga atau buffer .................................................. 147 8.7.1. Garam dengan asam lemahnya .......................................... 148 8.7.2. Garam dengan basa lemahnya ........................................... 148 Rangkuman ..................................................................................... 151 Uji kompetensi bagian asam .......................................................... 155 Uji kompetensi bagian garam ........................................................ 157 Bab 9 Kesetimbangan Kimia ................................................................ 9.1. Kesetimbangan ............................................................................. 159 9.1.1. Sistem tertutup........................................................... 160 9.1.2. Kesetimbangan dinamis ............................................. 160 9.1.3. Jenis reaksi kesetimbangan ........................................ 161 9.2. Tetapan Kesetimbangan ............................................................... 162 9.3. Pergeseran Kesetimbangan ................................ .......................... 1 64 9.3.1. Pengaruh konsentrasi ................................................. 164 9.3.2. Pengaruh suhu ............................................................ 164 9.3.3. Pengaruh volume dan tekanan .................................. 165 9.3.4. Katalisator................................................................... 166 9.4. Disosiasi ........................................................................................ 167 9.5. Aplikasi kesetimbangan dalam industri ........................................ 167 9.6. Kesetimbangan larutan ................................................................. 168 Rangkuman ..................................................................................... 170 Uji kompetensi ............................................................................... 171 Bab 10 Kecepatan reaksi dan energi .................................................... 10.1. Kecepatan reaksi ..................................................................... 175 10.2. Tahap reaksi ............................................................................ 177 10.3. Tingkat reaksi........................................................................... 178 10.4. Faktor-faktor kecepatan reaksi ............................................... 179 10.4.1. Luas permukaan ........................................................ 180 10.4.2. Konsentrasi ............................................................... 180 10.4.3. Suhu .......................................................................... 180 10.4.4. Katalisator ................................................................. 181 Rangkuman ............................................................................... 183 Uji Kompetensi .......................................................................... 184 10.5. Energi .................................................................................... 187 10.5.1. Termokimia ............................................................... 187 10.5.2. Hukum-hukum dalam termokimia ........................... 188 10.5.3. ? H pembentukan ...................................................... 190 10.5.4. ? H penguraian .......................................................... 190 10.5.5. ? H pembakaran ........................................................ 191 10.5.6. ? H pelarutan ............................................................. 191 10.6. Energi ikatan ............................................................................ 192 10.7. Kalor pembakaran berbagai bahan bakar ............................... 193 10.7.1. Komposisi Minyak bumi ............................................ 193 10.7.2. Bahan bakar hasil pengolahan minyak bumi ............ 194 10.7.3. Kalor pembakaran bahan bakar................................ 195 10.8. Termodinamika ....................................................................... 196 10.8.1. Hukum kedua termodinamika .................................. 197 10.8.2. Entropi ...................................................................... 197 10.8.3. Hukum ketiga termodinamika .................................. 198 Rangkuman ............................................................................... 200 Uji Kompetensi .......................................................................... 203 350c69d7ab